Where and how was it started and how?
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NurseWords.com
dictionary of nursing abbreviations and acronyms
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Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) are also known as Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs) in California and Texas and as Registered Practical Nurses (RPNs) in Ontario. They are called Enrolled Nurses (ENs) in Australia and State Enrolled Nurses (SENs) in the United Kingdom.
In United States
These individuals usually have twelve months to two years of training in anatomy and physiology, medications, and practical patient care. They must pass state or national boards (such as [NCLEX-PN] in the U.S.) and renew their [license] periodically.
LPNs can perform simple as well as complex medical procedures, but must operate under the supervision of either a professional Registered Nurse (RN) or a physician. They can administer most medications (usually with the exception of IV push medications), perform measurements (blood pressure, temperature, etc), record-keeping, help with patient-care planning, surgery, first aid, CPR, sterile and isolation procedure and basic care.
LPNs are often found working under the supervision of physicians in clinics. In long term care facilities, they sometimes supervise nursing assistants and orderlies.
The United States Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are about 700,000 (1) persons employed as licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses in the U.S.
LPNs require usually a high school diploma.
In premodern times, nuns and the military often provided nursing services. The religious and military roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today. For example, in Britain, senior female nurses are known as “Sisters”.
Florence Nightingale is regarded as the founder of modern nursing, which flourished in response to the Crimean War.
New Zealand was the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses Registration Act on the 12th of September 1901. Ellen Dougherty was the first Registered Nurse.
For more information on prominent nurses, both historical and contemporary, see articles on individual nurses. There are also articles on nursing museums on Wikipedia. Many of these museums, such as the American Museum of Nursing, have online galleries.
18th century
1783 – James Derham, a slave from New Orleans, buys his freedom with money earned working as a nurse. [1]
c. 1820 – Jensey Snow, a former slave, opens a hospital in Petersburg, Virginia. [2]
1844 – Dorothea Dix testifies to the New Jersey legislature regarding the state’s poor treatment of patients with mental illness.
Florence Nightingale1854 – Florence Nightingale, a pioneer of modern nursing, and 38 volunteer nurses are sent to Turkey on October 21 to assist with caring for the injured of the Crimean War.
1855 – Mary Seacole leaves London on January 27 to establish a “British Hotel” at Balaklava in the Crimea.
1856 – Biddy Mason is granted her freedom and moves to Los Angeles. She works as a nurse and midwife and becomes a successful businesswoman.
1857 – Ellen Ranyard creates the first group of paid social workers in England and pioneers the first district nursing programme in London. [3]
1860 – Florence Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing: What it is and What it is Not is published.
1861 – Sally Louisa Tompkins opens a hospital for Confederate soldiers in July. She is later made an officer in the army, the only woman to receive that honor.
1867 – Jane Currie Blaikie Hoge publishes her memoirs of nursing in the Union Army, The Boys in Blue.
1876 – The Japanese term “Kangofu” (nurse) is used for the first time. [4]
1879 – Mary Eliza Mahoney is graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children Training School for Nurses and becomes the first black professional nurse in the U.S. [5]
Clara Barton1881 – Clara Barton becomes the first President of the American Red Cross, which she founded, on May 21.
1884 – Mary Agnes Snively, the first Ontario nurse trained according to the principles of Florence Nightingale, assumes the position of Lady Superintendent of the Toronto General Hospital’s School of Nursing.
1885 – The first nurse training institute is established in Japan. [6]
1886 – The Nightingale, the first American nursing journal, is published. [7]
1886 – Spelman Seminary establishes the first nursing program in the U.S. specifically for African-Americans. [8]
1888 The monthly journal The Trained Nurse begins publication in Buffalo, New York. [9]
Lillian Wald1890 – Kate Marsden, founder of the St. Francis Leprosy Guild, travels to Yakutia, Siberia in search of a herb reputed to cure leprosy. [10]
1893 – Lillian Wald, the founder of visiting nursing in the U.S., begins teaching a home class on nursing for Lower East Side (New York) women after a trying time at an orphanage where children were maltreated.
1893 – The Nightingale Pledge, composed by Lystra Gretter, is first used by the graduating class at the old Harper Hospital in Detroit, Michigan in the spring.
1897 – The American Nurses Association holds its first meeting in February, as the “Nurses’ Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada”.
1897 – Jane Delano becomes Superintendent of Bellevue Hospital. [11]
1899 – Japan establishes a licensing system for modern nursing professionals with the introduction of the “Midwives Ordinance”. [12]
1899 – Anna E. Turner goes to Cuba on a cattle boat with nine other nurses to serve two years at a yellow fever hospital in Havana. [13]
1899 – The International Council of Nurses is formed.
1900 – Dame Agnes Gwendoline Hunt, the founder of orthopaedic nursing, opens a convalescent home for crippled children at Florence House in Baschurch which espouses the yet-unproven theory of open-air treatment.
1901 – New Zealand is the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses Registration Act on September 12.
1902 – Ellen Dougherty of New Zealand becomes the first registered nurse in the world on February 10.
1902 – New York City Board of Education hires Lina Rogers Struthers as North America’s first school nurse.
1902 – The Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service replaces, by royal warrant, the Army Nursing Service. [14]
1908 – Representatives of 16 organized nursing bodies meet in Ottawa to form the Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses, which will become the Canadian Nurses Association in 1911. [15]
1909 – The American Red Cross Nursing Service is formed. [16]
Edith Cavell
Chief Nurse Higbee, USN1915 – Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad on October 12 for helping hundreds of Allied soldiers escape to the Netherlands.
1916 – The Royal College of Nursing is founded.
1918 – Lenah Higbee is awarded the Navy Cross for distinguished service in the line of her profession and unusual and conspicuous devotion to duty as superintendent of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps. She is the first living woman to receive this honor.
1918 – Frances Reed Elliot is enrolled as the first African-American in the American Red Cross Nursing Service on July 2. [17]
1919 – The UK passes the Nursing Act of 1919, which provides for registration of nurses, but it will not become effective until 1923.
1921 – Sophie Mannerheim, a pioneer of modern nursing in Finland, accepts the chairmanship of the Finnish Red Cross.
1923 – The Nursing Act of 1919 becomes effective and Ethel Bedford-Fenwick is the first nurse registered in the UK.
1923 – Yale School of Nursing becomes the first autonomous school of nursing in the U.S. with its own dean, faculty, budget, and degree meeting the standards of the University. The curriculum was based on an educational plan rather than on hospital service needs. [18]
1923 – Mary Breckinridge, the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service, travels 700 miles on horseback surveying the health needs of rural Kentuckians. [19]
1929 – The Japanese Nursing Association is established. [20]
1931 – The Forgotten Frontier, a documentary about the Frontier Nursing Service, is filmed.
1937 – Sister Elizabeth Kenny publishes her first book, Infantile Paralysis and Cerebral Diplegia: Method of Restoration of Function.
1938 – The Nurses Memorial in Arlington National Cemetery is erected in Section 21 (the “Nurses Section”) to honor nurses who served in the armed forces during World War I. Over 600 nurses are buried at Arlington. [21]
Erna Flegel1942 – Banka Island massacre: Twenty one Australian nurses, survivors of a bombed and sunken ship, are executed by bayonet or machine gun by Imperial Japanese Army soldiers on February 16.
1943 – Erna Flegel becomes “Hitler’s nurse” in January and serves in that capacity until his suicide at the end of World War II. [22]
1948 – The National Health Service is launched on July 5.
1951 – The National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses merges with the American Nurses Association. [23]
1951 – Males join the United Kingdom register of nurses for the first time. [citation needed]
1952 – The introduction of sedatives transforms mental health nursing. [citation needed]
1955 – Elizabeth Lipford Kent becomes the first African American to earn a PhD in nursing. [24]
1956 – The Columbia University School of Nursing is the first in the U.S. to grant a master’s degree in a clinical nursing specialty. [25]
1957 – A Japanese court rules on the regulation regarding night shifts of nurses, limiting them to 8 days a month and banning single-person night shifts altogether. [26]
Dame Cicely Saunders1960 – The University of Edinburgh initiates the first degree in nursing. [citation needed]
1963 – Ruby Bradley retires from the U.S. Army Nurse Corps with 34 medals and citations for bravery.[citation needed]
1967 – The Salmon Report recommends the reorganisation of the NHS management, ultimately leading to the abolishment of matrons [27].
1967 – Termination of pregnancy becomes legal in the United Kingdom under the Abortion Act 1967.
1967 – Dame Cicely Saunders sets up the first hospice in a suburb of London. [28]
1978 – Estelle Massey Osborne is the first black nurse to be inducted as honorary fellow in the American Academy of Nursing. [29]
1978 – Barbara Nichols is the first black nurse to be elected president of the American Nurses Association. [30]
1978 – Elizabeth Carnegie is the first black to be elected president of the American Academy of Nursing. [31]
1980 – The Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing, based upon the activities of daily living, is published.
1983 – The importance of human rights in nursing was made explicit in a statement adopted by the International Council of Nurses.
1983 – UKCC becomes the profession’s new regulatory body in the UK.
1988 – Anne Casey develops her child-centered nursing model while working as a paediatric oncology nurse in London.
Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson1990 – Florence Nightingale’s birthday (May 12) is declared the official Nursing Day in Japan. [32]
1992 – Eddie Bernice Johnson is the first nurse elected to the U.S. Congress.
1999 – Elnora D. Daniel is the first black nurse elected president of a major university, Chicago State University. [33]
2002 – The Nursing and Midwifery Council takes over from the UKCC as the UK’s regulatory body.
2007 – ICN Conference is held in Yokohama, Japan.